Black Ginger

A member of the ginger family native to Thailand, containing polymethoxyflavones (PMFs) as key bioactives. Several small RCTs show modest benefits for exercise performance (improved hand grip strength, reduced fatigue), sexual function in men, and peripheral blood flow. One RCT (Toda et al. 2016) showed improved metabolic markers in overweight subjects. Evidence base is small — most RCTs are from Thailand/Japan with small sample sizes (20–50 participants). No independent large-scale replication. Generally well tolerated in studies.