Research dossier
Clinical research on NMN
10 trials reviewed across 6 indications.
Strongest evidence
NAD+ levels and cellular metabolism
Mechanism
NMN is a direct precursor to NAD+, a coenzyme central to mitochondrial energy production, DNA repair (PARPs), and sirtuin signaling. Oral NMN raises whole-blood NAD+ and NAD+ metabolites in humans within hours of dosing, in a dose-dependent fashion.
Multiple short-term RCTs (Irie 2020, Yoshino 2021, Igarashi 2022, Pencina 2023, Yi 2023) consistently show NMN raises blood NAD+ and NAD+ metabolites in humans. This is the most reproducible finding in the literature. What that biomarker rise means for clinical outcomes is the open question — moving NAD+ is not the same as proving downstream benefit.
The biomarker rises in both younger and older adults, but the case for needing supplemental NAD+ replenishment is strongest in older adults (NAD+ declines with age in animals; human age-decline data is more equivocal). For healthy adults under 40, the rationale is mechanistic, not clinical.
Trials cited
First-in-human NMN safety and pharmacokinetics
positive · RCT
Irie J et al., 2020, Endocrine Journaln=10First human NMN trial. Single oral doses up to 500 mg in 10 healthy men were well-tolerated with no significant changes in vital signs, clinical chemistry, or sleep quality. Blood NMN-derived metabolites (nicotinamide and nicotinic acid mononucleotide) rose dose-dependently within hours.
n=10, single dose, men only. This is a safety and pharmacokinetic study — not an efficacy trial. The 'NMN is safe' headline rests heavily on this 10-person paper plus accumulating short-term tolerability data from later trials.
NMN and muscle insulin sensitivity in prediabetic postmenopausal women
positive · RCT
Yoshino M et al., 2021, Sciencen=25Industry-fundedThe landmark human NMN RCT. 25 prediabetic postmenopausal women, 10 weeks at 250 mg/day. Muscle insulin sensitivity rose ~25% on the clamp test. Skeletal muscle AKT and mTOR phosphorylation increased. No effect on hepatic insulin sensitivity, body composition, or fasting glucose.
Very small (n=25), short (10 weeks), surrogate endpoint only. No effect on the things patients ultimately care about (HbA1c, body weight). Senior author holds NMN-related patent-licensing arrangements with MetroBiotech and Teijin; placebo and NMN supplied by Oriental Yeast Co. Replication outside this group is still pending.
NMN, NAD+ levels, and muscle function in older men
positive · RCT
Igarashi M et al., 2022, npj Agingn=42Industry-funded42 older men randomized to 250 mg/day NMN vs placebo for 12 weeks. Whole-blood NAD+ and NAD+ metabolites rose significantly. Gait speed improved (+0.10 m/s) and left-hand grip strength increased on NMN. Right-hand grip and most other endpoints did not separate from placebo.
Small (n=42), short (12 weeks), single-site Japanese cohort. Selective endpoint improvement (left hand but not right hand) raises the chance of false-positive secondary findings. Industry-funded (Mirai Lab Inc., Tokyo). Surrogate physical-function endpoints, not falls or disability outcomes.
MIB-626 (microcrystalline NMN) NAD+ pharmacokinetics in middle-aged and older adults
mixed · RCT
Pencina KM et al., 2023, Journal of Gerontology: Medical Sciencesn=32Industry-fundedMetro Biotech's pharmaceutical-grade NMN (MIB-626) roughly doubled whole-blood NAD+ at 1,000 mg/day and tripled it at 2,000 mg/day over 14 days. Well-tolerated. Secondary signals on body weight, LDL, and diastolic BP appeared in follow-up arms but were not pre-specified primary endpoints.
Sponsor-funded by Metro Biotech (the company holding the IND that triggered the 2022 FDA NMN supplement exclusion). Pharmacokinetic / biomarker trial, not a clinical-outcomes trial. Short duration. Secondary metabolic findings are hypothesis-generating, not pre-registered efficacy data.
Dose-ranging NMN in healthy middle-aged adults
mixed · RCT
Yi L et al., 2023, GeroSciencen=80Industry-fundedMulti-arm dose-ranging RCT (n=80) in healthy middle-aged adults. Blood NAD+ rose dose-dependently across all NMN arms. 6-minute walk distance improved at 600 and 900 mg/day. SF-36 physical-component scores improved at the higher doses. A blood-based 'biological age' estimate moved on NMN.
Industry-funded by Herbalmax (the NMN-ingredient supplier of the tested product). Surrogate endpoints throughout — 6-minute walk and SF-36 are functional tests, not hard outcomes. The 'biological age' biomarker is exploratory and not validated as a longevity surrogate.
Insulin sensitivity in metabolically impaired adults
Mechanism
NAD+ is required for sirtuin-mediated regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism. Animal data suggest NMN restores age-related declines in pancreatic beta-cell function, skeletal muscle insulin signaling, and adipose remodeling.
The Yoshino 2021 Science RCT (n=25, postmenopausal prediabetic women, 250 mg × 10 weeks) showed ~25% improvement in muscle insulin sensitivity on the gold-standard clamp test. No effect on hepatic insulin sensitivity, weight, or HbA1c. The Okabe 2022 trial in healthier middle-aged adults found no metabolic changes. Pencina (MIB-626) showed secondary signals on LDL and body weight but not as primary endpoints.
Signal is restricted to prediabetic, postmenopausal, overweight women. Healthy or normoglycemic adults have not shown metabolic improvements. NMN is not a substitute for metformin, GLP-1 agonists, or lifestyle intervention in metabolic disease.
NMN and muscle insulin sensitivity in prediabetic postmenopausal women
positive · RCT
Yoshino M et al., 2021, Sciencen=25Industry-fundedThe landmark human NMN RCT. 25 prediabetic postmenopausal women, 10 weeks at 250 mg/day. Muscle insulin sensitivity rose ~25% on the clamp test. Skeletal muscle AKT and mTOR phosphorylation increased. No effect on hepatic insulin sensitivity, body composition, or fasting glucose.
Very small (n=25), short (10 weeks), surrogate endpoint only. No effect on the things patients ultimately care about (HbA1c, body weight). Senior author holds NMN-related patent-licensing arrangements with MetroBiotech and Teijin; placebo and NMN supplied by Oriental Yeast Co. Replication outside this group is still pending.
Long-term NMN safety in healthy middle-aged adults
Null · RCT
Okabe K et al., 2022, Frontiers in Nutritionn=31Industry-funded12 weeks of 125 or 250 mg/day NMN was well-tolerated, with no clinically significant changes in blood pressure, body composition, fasting glucose, HbA1c, lipid panel, or clinical chemistry. Blood NAD+ metabolites rose dose-dependently. The trial passed its safety bar but failed to demonstrate clinical efficacy on any pre-specified endpoint.
Industry-funded. The trial is honest evidence that 12 weeks of moderate-dose NMN does not move standard cardiometabolic markers in already-healthy middle-aged adults. The dossier's clinical case is weaker, not stronger, after this trial.
MIB-626 (microcrystalline NMN) NAD+ pharmacokinetics in middle-aged and older adults
mixed · RCT
Pencina KM et al., 2023, Journal of Gerontology: Medical Sciencesn=32Industry-fundedMetro Biotech's pharmaceutical-grade NMN (MIB-626) roughly doubled whole-blood NAD+ at 1,000 mg/day and tripled it at 2,000 mg/day over 14 days. Well-tolerated. Secondary signals on body weight, LDL, and diastolic BP appeared in follow-up arms but were not pre-specified primary endpoints.
Sponsor-funded by Metro Biotech (the company holding the IND that triggered the 2022 FDA NMN supplement exclusion). Pharmacokinetic / biomarker trial, not a clinical-outcomes trial. Short duration. Secondary metabolic findings are hypothesis-generating, not pre-registered efficacy data.
Physical function in older adults
Mechanism
Mitochondrial NAD+ depletion is implicated in age-related muscle weakness and sarcopenia. Restoring NAD+ via NMN may improve mitochondrial respiratory chain function in skeletal muscle, theoretically translating to grip strength and gait speed.
Three small Japanese RCTs in older adults (Igarashi 2022, Yamane 2023, Yi 2023; n=36–80, 12 weeks) reported modest improvements in gait speed, grip strength, and chair-stand performance at 250 mg/day. Effect sizes are small and findings are selective — Igarashi showed left-hand but not right-hand grip improvement, raising secondary-endpoint cherry-picking concerns.
All physical-function evidence is from older adults (≥65) at 250 mg/day. There is no muscle-function evidence base in younger adults despite the supplement being marketed broadly. No trial has measured falls, disability, or hard sarcopenia outcomes.
NMN, NAD+ levels, and muscle function in older men
positive · RCT
Igarashi M et al., 2022, npj Agingn=42Industry-funded42 older men randomized to 250 mg/day NMN vs placebo for 12 weeks. Whole-blood NAD+ and NAD+ metabolites rose significantly. Gait speed improved (+0.10 m/s) and left-hand grip strength increased on NMN. Right-hand grip and most other endpoints did not separate from placebo.
Small (n=42), short (12 weeks), single-site Japanese cohort. Selective endpoint improvement (left hand but not right hand) raises the chance of false-positive secondary findings. Industry-funded (Mirai Lab Inc., Tokyo). Surrogate physical-function endpoints, not falls or disability outcomes.
NMN for physical function in middle-aged and older adults
positive · RCT
Yamane T et al., 2023, GeroSciencen=36Industry-fundedOlder adults on 250 mg/day NMN for 12 weeks showed rises in blood NAD+ metabolites and improvements in grip strength, walking speed, and timed chair-stand performance vs placebo. Effect sizes were modest and clustered in the lower-functioning participants.
Small (n=36), short duration, surrogate physical-function endpoints. Industry-affiliated. Replication outside Japan-based research groups using a single NMN supplier is limited.
Dose-ranging NMN in healthy middle-aged adults
mixed · RCT
Yi L et al., 2023, GeroSciencen=80Industry-fundedMulti-arm dose-ranging RCT (n=80) in healthy middle-aged adults. Blood NAD+ rose dose-dependently across all NMN arms. 6-minute walk distance improved at 600 and 900 mg/day. SF-36 physical-component scores improved at the higher doses. A blood-based 'biological age' estimate moved on NMN.
Industry-funded by Herbalmax (the NMN-ingredient supplier of the tested product). Surrogate endpoints throughout — 6-minute walk and SF-36 are functional tests, not hard outcomes. The 'biological age' biomarker is exploratory and not validated as a longevity surrogate.
Aerobic capacity and endurance
Mechanism
NAD+ supports mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Theoretically, higher NAD+ would translate to better oxidative capacity during endurance work.
A single industry-funded RCT in 48 amateur runners (Liao 2021) reported VO2 and ventilatory-threshold improvements at 600 and 1,200 mg/day NMN over 6 weeks. The 300 mg arm did not separate from placebo. No effect on actual race or competition performance was assessed.
One small industry-funded trial in trained amateur runners is not a category of evidence. Resistance-trained and recreational populations have not been tested. The training stimulus itself produces VO2 gains, making isolated NMN attribution difficult. Treat the 'NMN for endurance' claim as preliminary.
NMN and aerobic capacity in amateur runners
positive · RCT
Liao B et al., 2021, Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutritionn=48Industry-fundedDose-ranging RCT in amateur runners. NMN at 600 and 1,200 mg/day improved aerobic capacity markers (VO2 at ventilatory thresholds, power output) compared with placebo over 6 weeks of training. The 300 mg arm did not separate from placebo.
Industry-funded (Effepharm — NMN ingredient supplier). Small per-arm (~12 per group), short duration, surrogate performance metric. No effect on actual race performance or competition-relevant endpoints. The training stimulus itself produces VO2 gains; isolating NMN's contribution is difficult.
Healthy aging and 'longevity' claims
Mechanism
NAD+ declines with age in animals, and animal NMN supplementation rescues age-related declines across multiple tissues. Sirtuin activation, autophagy modulation, and DNA repair pathways have been proposed as the mechanistic basis.
The longevity case is built on rodent data — most prominently Mills 2016 (improved healthspan markers in mice; lifespan was not significantly extended in C57BL/6N mice despite popular framing). No human RCT has tested or shown NMN extends lifespan, healthspan, or any hard mortality endpoint. 'Biological age' biomarker improvements in the Yi 2023 trial are exploratory and not validated.
Animal lifespan extension does not transfer cleanly to humans. NR (nicotinamide riboside) failed to extend lifespan in well-controlled mouse studies despite raising NAD+. Anyone buying NMN for longevity is betting on a mechanism, not on outcome evidence.
Long-term NMN administration in aging mice (reference, animal)
positive · Observational
Mills KF et al., 2016, Cell MetabolismIndustry-fundedThe foundational mouse NMN paper. Long-term NMN slowed age-related physiologic decline across multiple tissues — improved insulin sensitivity, lipid profile, visual function, bone density, and metabolic gene expression. Did not show significant lifespan extension in C57BL/6N mice, despite often being cited that way.
Mouse data. The 'NMN extends lifespan' framing in popular media frequently overstates this paper, which showed healthspan markers but did not produce statistically significant median or maximum lifespan extension in this strain. Senior author (Imai) holds NMN-related patent-licensing arrangements with MetroBiotech and Teijin.
Dose-ranging NMN in healthy middle-aged adults
mixed · RCT
Yi L et al., 2023, GeroSciencen=80Industry-fundedMulti-arm dose-ranging RCT (n=80) in healthy middle-aged adults. Blood NAD+ rose dose-dependently across all NMN arms. 6-minute walk distance improved at 600 and 900 mg/day. SF-36 physical-component scores improved at the higher doses. A blood-based 'biological age' estimate moved on NMN.
Industry-funded by Herbalmax (the NMN-ingredient supplier of the tested product). Surrogate endpoints throughout — 6-minute walk and SF-36 are functional tests, not hard outcomes. The 'biological age' biomarker is exploratory and not validated as a longevity surrogate.
Sleep quality and daytime drowsiness
Mechanism
Speculative. Proposed routes include circadian sirtuin signaling and improved daytime energy reducing sleep-onset friction. No direct mechanistic case has been established in humans.
A single 108-person trial (Kim 2022) split four ways found that NMN dosed in the afternoon improved lower-limb function and reduced self-reported drowsiness in older adults. Morning dosing did not. Most pre-specified endpoints did not separate. The 'NMN improves sleep' framing in marketing rests on this one timing subgroup.
Older adults only. Afternoon-dosing subgroup only. Splitting the trial four ways makes the sub-analysis vulnerable to false positives. Not a category to use NMN for at current evidence.
NMN, sleep quality, and physical performance in older adults
mixed · RCT
Kim M et al., 2022, Nutrientsn=108Industry-fundedLargest published NMN trial to date (n=108). Overall NMN effects on sleep and physical function were modest and inconsistent. Afternoon-dosed NMN showed signals on lower-limb function and self-reported drowsiness; morning dosing did not. Most endpoints did not separate by treatment overall.
Splitting the trial four ways (NMN AM, NMN PM, placebo AM, placebo PM) created small per-arm subgroups (~27 each), inflating the chance of false-positive sub-analyses. The 'NMN improves sleep' framing in marketing comes almost entirely from this single timing subgroup. Industry-funded.
Are you deficient? Symptoms, risk groups, lab tests
NMN is not an essential nutrient and has no RDA, EAR, or upper limit. The body synthesizes NMN endogenously from nicotinamide via NAMPT and from nicotinamide riboside via NRK. Whole-blood NAD+ has been reported to decline with age in some studies (Mills 2016 mouse work suggested ~50% decline by midlife; human age-decline data is more variable and tissue-dependent), but there is no validated clinical 'NMN deficiency' state.
Common symptoms
- No clinically defined NMN deficiency syndrome in humans
- NAD+ insufficiency is a research concept tied to aging biology — not a diagnosable condition
- Frank niacin (vitamin B3) deficiency causes pellagra, but pellagra is treated with niacin or nicotinamide, not NMN
Who is at risk
Older adults (60+)
NAD+ levels and NAD+ salvage-pathway capacity decline with age in animal tissues and some human studies. The clinical relevance — whether restoring NAD+ via NMN translates to meaningful benefit — is the open research question, not a settled fact.
Adults with metabolic disease
Type 2 diabetes, obesity, and metabolic syndrome are associated with altered NAD+ metabolism. The Yoshino 2021 trial signal was specifically in prediabetic postmenopausal women, not the general population.
Lab markers
Whole-blood NAD+ / NAD+ metabolome
Not a routine clinical lab. Available through specialty aging-biomarker panels. Blood NAD+ does rise predictably with oral NMN, so it functions as a compliance / target-engagement biomarker — but a higher blood NAD+ reading is not, by itself, evidence of clinical benefit.
Side effects and drug interactions
Side effects
Gastrointestinal upset (nausea, bloating, indigestion)
Uncommon · Typically at or above 500 mg/day, particularly when taken on an empty stomach
The most commonly reported NMN side effect across human trials. Usually mild and dose-related; resolves with dose reduction or taking with food.
Flushing and headache
Rare
Rare in NMN trials (contrasting with niacin-induced flushing, which is much more common). When it occurs it is usually mild and transient.
Fatigue or sleep disturbance with evening dosing
Uncommon
Some users report restlessness or insomnia with late-day NMN. The Kim 2022 timing trial found morning vs afternoon effects diverged, supporting timing-sensitivity.
Theoretical concern: NAD+ elevation in established cancer
Rare
NAD+ supports cellular proliferation and is required for PARP-mediated DNA repair. Hypothesis-stage concern that boosting NAD+ in established malignancy could theoretically support tumor growth, with some preclinical evidence. Not demonstrated to occur in supplemented humans, but a reason for active cancer patients to avoid NMN without oncology clearance.
Product quality and underdosing
Common
Independent testing (ConsumerLab and others) has documented NMN products underdosing the labeled amount or substituting nicotinamide. The active form is β-NMN; some commercial products contain partial isomerization or degradation products. Brand quality matters disproportionately in this category.
Drug interactions
Additive effect
MetformininsulinsulfonylureasNMN may modestly improve insulin sensitivity in metabolically impaired adults. Theoretical risk of additive glucose-lowering when combined with antihyperglycemic medication.
Monitor fasting glucose if combining with diabetes medication. The clinical magnitude is likely small at supplemental doses, but caution is warranted in tightly-controlled patients.
Other
Chemotherapy / cytotoxic cancer therapyPARP inhibitorsNAD+ is required for PARP-mediated DNA repair, which is precisely the pathway some oncology drugs are designed to block. Theoretical concern that supplemental NAD+ elevation could oppose the mechanism of PARP inhibitors and possibly support tumor cell proliferation in established malignancy.
Patients in active cancer treatment or with recent cancer history should not supplement NMN without explicit oncology clearance.
Other
ImmunosuppressantsNAD+ modulates immune function via sirtuin and CD38 pathways. Theoretical interaction with immunomodulatory therapy is plausible but not characterized in trials.
Patients on systemic immunosuppression should consult their prescriber before adding NMN.
Other critical caveats
- No human RCT has shown NMN extends lifespan or any hard mortality endpoint. The 'NMN reverses aging' framing rests on mouse healthspan data (most prominently Mills 2016, which did not produce statistically significant lifespan extension in the studied mouse strain despite popular framing) and on biomarker improvements in short human trials. Anyone paying $30–$100+/month for NMN as a longevity supplement is buying mechanism, not outcome evidence.
- All human NMN efficacy trials are short (8–24 weeks), small (n=10–108), and use surrogate endpoints — insulin sensitivity, blood NAD+, gait speed, biomarker panels. No trial has assessed falls, disability, cardiovascular events, cancer incidence, or mortality. Translation from these surrogates to clinical benefit is the open question, not a settled one.
- FDA regulatory history is messy. In October 2022 the FDA excluded NMN from the dietary-supplement definition (citing Metro Biotech's prior IND for the drug version MIB-626). In late 2025, after a Natural Products Association lawsuit, the FDA reinstated NMN's status as a lawful dietary-supplement ingredient. NMN is again legally marketable as a supplement in the United States, but the underlying tension — the same molecule is a drug-under-investigation and a supplement — remains.
- Theoretical cancer concern. NAD+ supports proliferation and DNA repair, including pathways targeted by oncology drugs (PARP inhibitors). The hypothesis that supplemental NAD+ elevation could fuel established malignancy is unproven in humans but biologically plausible. Anyone with active or recent cancer should not supplement NMN without oncology clearance.
- Product purity is unusually important in this category. Independent testing has found NMN products substantially underdosed or substituted with nicotinamide. The active β-NMN form is unstable, and quality varies widely across brands. Buy from manufacturers that publish third-party purity testing.
- The trial evidence base is dominated by industry-funded studies from a small number of research groups, often using NMN supplied by the funding manufacturer. Independent replication outside these groups is limited. Treat the 'positive RCT count' as smaller than it appears — many positive trials share a sponsor and supplier.
Frequently asked
Does NMN actually extend lifespan in humans?
No. No human RCT has shown NMN extends lifespan, healthspan, or any hard mortality endpoint. The 'NMN for longevity' case is built on (a) mouse data — most prominently Mills 2016, which improved healthspan markers but did not produce statistically significant lifespan extension in the studied strain — and (b) short human trials (8–24 weeks, n=10–108) using surrogate biomarkers like blood NAD+ and gait speed. Reliable NAD+ elevation in blood is the most reproducible human finding; whether that translates to living longer is unanswered. Anyone buying NMN as a longevity supplement is betting on mechanism, not on outcome evidence.NMN vs nicotinamide riboside (NR) — which is better?
Honest answer: nobody knows. They are both NAD+ precursors that raise blood NAD+ in humans. NR has a larger and longer trial history (ChromaDex's Niagen has been studied for over a decade) and stronger pharmacokinetic data. NMN has a more aggressive marketing position (Sinclair's advocacy, podcast hype) but a comparable surrogate-endpoint evidence base — short trials, small samples, biomarker outcomes. No head-to-head RCT has compared NMN and NR on a clinical endpoint. If price matters, NR is generally cheaper per gram of equivalent NAD+ effect; if marketing matters, NMN dominates. The clinical evidence does not strongly favor either.How much NMN should I take?
The clinical-trial range is 100 to 1,200 mg/day. Most positive surrogate-endpoint trials used 250 mg/day (Yoshino 2021 prediabetic women; Igarashi 2022 older men; Yamane 2023 older adults; Kim 2022). The Pencina MIB-626 PK trial showed 1,000 mg/day roughly doubled blood NAD+ and 2,000 mg/day tripled it — so higher doses do move the biomarker further. There is no evidence that higher doses produce greater clinical benefit. For most adults in the surrogate-endpoint trial population (older, metabolically impaired), 250–500 mg/day is the studied range. Higher doses raise cost without confirmed clinical-outcome justification.When should I take NMN?
The Kim 2022 trial split older adults into morning vs afternoon NMN dosing and found afternoon-dosed NMN produced the sleep-related and lower-limb function signals. That is one subgroup of one trial, but it is the cleanest timing data we have. Most other trials used morning dosing without comparing timing. Practically: take it with food to reduce the chance of GI upset, and if you find it causes restlessness, take it earlier in the day. Avoid late-evening dosing if you're sensitive to mild stimulant-like effects.Is sublingual NMN better than oral?
Marketing claims yes; trial evidence is essentially absent. The vast majority of human NMN trials used oral capsule/tablet dosing. The pharmacokinetic literature (Irie 2020, Pencina 2023) is for oral NMN. Theoretical first-pass-avoidance with sublingual or liposomal forms is plausible but not confirmed in a controlled comparison. Pay for the form that has been studied (oral, conventional or microcrystalline like MIB-626) before paying a premium for an unstudied delivery format.Is NMN legal as a supplement in the US?
Yes, as of late 2025. The FDA originally classified NMN as not eligible for supplement marketing in October 2022, citing Metro Biotech's pre-existing IND for the drug version (MIB-626). After a Natural Products Association Citizen Petition and lawsuit, the FDA reversed course in September–December 2025 and reinstated NMN's status as a lawful dietary-supplement ingredient. NMN supplements are again legally marketable, though the underlying tension — a molecule that is simultaneously a drug-under-investigation and a supplement — has not gone away.Is NMN safe to take long-term?
Short-term safety (up to 24 weeks, doses up to 1,200 mg/day) is good across published trials — side-effect rates similar to placebo, with mild GI upset the most common complaint. Long-term safety (years of chronic use) is not characterized. The specific cautions are: anyone with active or recent cancer should clear NMN with oncology before using (NAD+ supports DNA repair and proliferation pathways targeted by some oncology drugs); patients on tightly-controlled diabetes medication should monitor glucose; pregnancy and breastfeeding have no safety data and should be avoided. Product quality varies widely — buy from brands that publish third-party β-NMN purity testing.
References
- 01Yoshino M et al., 2021, Science — NMN increases muscle insulin sensitivity in prediabetic women
- 02Irie J et al., 2020, Endocrine Journal — first-in-human NMN safety and pharmacokinetics
- 03Igarashi M et al., 2022, npj Aging — chronic NMN raises NAD+ and alters muscle function in older men
- 04Pencina KM et al., 2023, Journal of Gerontology — MIB-626 (microcrystalline NMN) raises NAD+
- 05Mills KF et al., 2016, Cell Metabolism — long-term NMN administration in aging mice
- 06FDA — NDI letter to Inner Mongolia Kingdomway Pharmaceutical, October 2022 (exclusion)
- 07FDA — reinstatement letters declaring NMN a lawful dietary supplement, September–December 2025
- 08NIH National Institute on Aging — NAD+ and aging research overview
- 09Examine.com — Nicotinamide Mononucleotide reference summary
Last reviewed2026-05-24