Vitamin B-12 Timed-Release 1000 mcg

Chassaing et al. 2015 (Nature, PMID 25731162) tested polysorbate 80 directly and showed it thinned the gut mucus barrier, altered microbiota composition, and induced low-grade inflammation and metabolic syndrome in mice. The strongest human evidence is for a related emulsifier rather than polysorbate 80 itself: Chassaing 2022 (Gastroenterology, PMID 34774538) was a controlled human feeding RCT of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) that found microbial encroachment into the mucus layer — polysorbate 80 has not been tested in an equivalent human trial. In vitro work (e.g. Roberts 2010) shows polysorbate 80 enhances bacterial translocation across intestinal epithelium, and observational data link overall dietary-emulsifier exposure to IBD risk. EFSA is mid re-evaluation of polysorbates (E432–E436). For a supplement excipient with purely cosmetic function (improving the look/texture of soft gels and liquids), the gut-barrier risk profile is unfavorable when safer alternatives (sunflower lecithin, MCT carriers, gum acacia) are widely available.

Rice-based ingredients carry risk of inorganic arsenic contamination (FDA and Consumer Reports). Rice accumulates arsenic from soil at higher rates than other grains. Used as a cheap filler — adds nothing beneficial.

Rice-based ingredients carry risk of inorganic arsenic contamination (FDA and Consumer Reports). Rice accumulates arsenic from soil at higher rates than other grains. Used as a cheap filler — adds nothing beneficial.

Natural resin secreted by the lac bug, used as a coating and glazing agent for tablets and pills

A salt of stearic acid used as a lubricant in tablet and capsule production

A polyether polymer used as a tablet coating and plasticizer

Fine silica powder used to prevent clumping

A plant-derived salt of stearic acid (typically magnesium or calcium) used as a tablet lubricant