Biotin Plus 5,000 mcg with Lutein

Carboxymethylcellulose was the second emulsifier (with polysorbate 80) in Chassaing et al. 2015 (Nature, PMID 25731162), which showed mucus-barrier thinning, a microbiota shift toward pro-inflammatory species, low-grade inflammation, and metabolic syndrome in mice. Chassaing 2022 (Gastroenterology, PMID 34774538) tested CMC directly in a randomized controlled human feeding trial and found reduced microbial diversity and bacterial encroachment into the normally sterile mucus layer in a susceptible subset of participants. EFSA's 2018 re-evaluation could not establish a safe level due to data gaps. For a purely textural excipient, the gut-barrier risk profile is unfavorable when safer thickeners are widely available.

A salt of stearic acid used as a lubricant in tablet and capsule production

Fine silica powder used to prevent clumping

A seaweed-derived polysaccharide used as a thickener and disintegrant

Calcium and phosphorus compound used as binder

Sweet-tasting liquid used in soft capsules and liquids

Natural plant gum (acacia) used as a binder, stabilizer, and emulsifier in foods and supplements

Plant-derived cellulose used as a binder and filler in supplements