Horny Goat Weed Extract 500 mg

Spikes blood sugar faster than table sugar (glycemic index 85–105). Research links it to gut bacteria changes that may promote intestinal inflammation (Nickerson et al. 2015). Used as a cheap filler — adds nothing beneficial.

Rice-based ingredients carry risk of inorganic arsenic contamination (FDA and Consumer Reports). Rice accumulates arsenic from soil at higher rates than other grains. Used as a cheap filler — adds nothing beneficial.

Fine silica powder used to prevent clumping

Common calcium salt used as a buffering agent, filler, or mineral fortification in supplements

Protein derived from collagen, used in traditional capsule shells