Vitamin K2

Class III and IV caramel colors contain 4-methylimidazole (4-MEI), classified by IARC as Group 2B (possibly carcinogenic to humans) in 2011 (Monograph Vol. 101). California Prop 65 lists 4-MEI as a known carcinogen; products delivering >29 mcg/day require a cancer warning label. NTP TR-535 (2007) found 4-MEI caused lung tumors in mice. Major cola brands (Coca-Cola, Pepsi) voluntarily reformulated 2012-2014 to reduce 4-MEI below California thresholds. Because labels never specify Class I (sugar + heat only, safer) vs Class III/IV (ammonia-process, contains 4-MEI), consumers cannot verify which they're consuming. Combined with the additive's purely cosmetic purpose, the risk:benefit ratio is unfavorable for any supplement.

Can break down into poligeenan (a known inflammatory) under stomach acid conditions. Tobacman (2001, Environmental Health Perspectives) reviewed evidence linking carrageenan to intestinal inflammation and ulceration. Major food brands (Silk, Stonyfield) have voluntarily removed it. Used only as a thickener — provides no health benefit.

A FODMAP sugar alcohol that may trigger GI discomfort (bloating, gas) in individuals with IBS or sorbitol malabsorption, even at small amounts found in supplements. Avoided in low-FODMAP diets.

Calcium and phosphorus compound used as binder

Plant-derived cellulose used as a binder and filler in supplements

Water meeting USP specifications used as solvent/vehicle in gummies and liquids

Natural wax extracted from rice bran, used as a coating and glazing agent in supplements and food products

Non-GMO, non-allergenic emulsifier derived from sunflower seeds