Time-Release Vitamin C 1000 mg

Chassaing et al. 2015 (Nature, PMID 25731162) tested polysorbate 80 directly and showed it thinned the gut mucus barrier, altered microbiota composition, and induced low-grade inflammation and metabolic syndrome in mice. The strongest human evidence is for a related emulsifier rather than polysorbate 80 itself: Chassaing 2022 (Gastroenterology, PMID 34774538) was a controlled human feeding RCT of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) that found microbial encroachment into the mucus layer — polysorbate 80 has not been tested in an equivalent human trial. In vitro work (e.g. Roberts 2010) shows polysorbate 80 enhances bacterial translocation across intestinal epithelium, and observational data link overall dietary-emulsifier exposure to IBD risk. EFSA is mid re-evaluation of polysorbates (E432–E436). For a supplement excipient with purely cosmetic function (improving the look/texture of soft gels and liquids), the gut-barrier risk profile is unfavorable when safer alternatives (sunflower lecithin, MCT carriers, gum acacia) are widely available.

A polyether polymer used as a tablet coating and plasticizer

Dried fruit of Rosa canina used as a whole-food base in vitamin C formulas; contributes trace natural vitamin C

Plant-derived capsule material from cellulose

Not reviewed yet