Liquid Iron, Berry

Generally well tolerated at the low levels used as a preservative and poorly absorbed orally, which limits systemic risk. But EDTA is a non-selective chelator: at higher chronic intakes it can bind and deplete essential minerals (zinc, iron) and has caused GI upset. Acceptable at trace preservative levels, but worth avoiding when a product also delivers minerals that EDTA could sequester.

Witkowski et al. 2023 (Nature Medicine, PMID 36849732) reported elevated plasma erythritol associated with major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in two cohorts (n=4,000+), with in-vitro and ex-vivo evidence of enhanced platelet aggregation. Replication is ongoing; FDA and EFSA have not changed their safety positions, but the signal is real and the additive is purely cosmetic. Better-established concern: GI tolerance — single doses above ~50 g cause osmotic diarrhea. Lower threshold for children.

A FODMAP sugar alcohol that may trigger GI discomfort (bloating, gas) in individuals with IBS or sorbitol malabsorption, even at small amounts found in supplements. Avoided in low-FODMAP diets.

Broad regulatory category of flavor constituents derived from natural sources. Composition is proprietary and not disclosed — 'Natural Flavors' can include several hundred different compounds depending on the target flavor profile, including hexane-extracted constituents and proprietary carrier solvents. 'Natural' is a regulatory definition (21 CFR §101.22), not a safety guarantee.

Sweet-tasting liquid used in soft capsules and liquids

Naturally occurring organic acid found in apples, used as a flavor enhancer and acidulant in supplements

Essential mineral naturally present in many plant-based supplement ingredients

Water meeting USP specifications used as solvent/vehicle in gummies and liquids