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Spikes blood sugar faster than table sugar (glycemic index 85–105). Research links it to gut bacteria changes that may promote intestinal inflammation (Nickerson et al. 2015). Used as a cheap filler — adds nothing beneficial.

A FODMAP sugar alcohol that can cause GI distress (bloating, gas, diarrhea) at higher doses. Supplement amounts are typically small, but individuals with IBS or sugar alcohol sensitivity may react even at low doses.

A salt of stearic acid used as a lubricant in tablet and capsule production

Umbrella declaration for a colorant from a natural source (fruit, vegetable, or plant extract) that the label does not name specifically

Broad regulatory category of flavor constituents derived from natural sources. Composition is proprietary and not disclosed — 'Natural Flavors' can include several hundred different compounds depending on the target flavor profile, including hexane-extracted constituents and proprietary carrier solvents. 'Natural' is a regulatory definition (21 CFR §101.22), not a safety guarantee.

Fine silica powder used to prevent clumping

Plant-derived cellulose used as a binder and filler in supplements

Carbohydrate polymer used as a binder, filler, and disintegrant in tablets and capsules